Further orders of reflection were subsequently assigned as s

Further orders of reflection were subsequently assigned, as shown in Figure 2. The occlusion effect was accounted for by an additional Cartesian coordinate system that ran parallel to the model and was modified to shape out the visible parts relative to the source position, regardless of whether the source was the initial point source or the counterpoint of a façade radiating Digoxigenin-11-UTP back to other façades. A detailed flow chart of the model is presented in Appendix 1.
Islamic urban pattern An Islamic street network is described to possess specific features different from urban patterns of other cultural backgrounds, as shown in Figure 3. Typical features include an abundant amount of “organic” networks having a large number of cul de sacs, winding and narrow roads (of human scale), and an absence of main streets that act as connectors or main streams. In other words, the Islamic urban pattern is relatively homogeneous. Kubat et al. (2001) characterized the fundamental features of the Islamic urban pattern space structure. Kubat\'s theory is based on graph theory and image analysis, a methodology of the “Space Syntax” model adapted by Hiller and Hanson (1984). Kubat et al. selected 14 cities and street networks from Turkey (Adana, Adiyaman, Diyarbakir, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Izmir, Iznik, Kayseri, Konya, Kutahya, Manisa, Sivas, Tokat, and Urfa), which were compared with 15 other cities (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Bombay, Edinburgh, London, Melbourne, New York, Osaka, Paris, Rome, Seoul, Sienna, Sydney, Taipei, and Venice.) The important indices outlined by Kubat et al. were graph- and image analysis-related indices, which are listed in Table 1. The results of the comparison of the two sets of cities are shown in Figure 4. Figure 5 shows the average values for indices for the two sets of cities. As clearly shown in this figure, the number of dead ends (cul de sacs) is three times larger in Islamic cities. However, the average number of nodes is relatively in correlation, which indicates that high-order nodes are uncommon in the Islamic urban context, such that the regular intersection of the same node order can safely represent such urban fabric. Road coverage is clearly less in the Islamic pattern, given that the conceptual aspects of adhering are always of human scale and considering the pressing conditions of the environmental atmosphere that require narrow streets to lay more shadows and reduce direct solar heat on building façades.
Computer model indices The important indices related to this study are descriptive parameters of the urban texture geometry: the average width of roads, density of faces, and road coverage. Figure 6 shows the values of these geometric parametric indices. An average road coverage factor value of 0.26 indicates that the building density of the building blocks is approximately 73%. The street width in the computer model is given by the following function:where d, street width; n, number of blocks in the x direction; n, number of blocks in the y direction; L, length of Urban area under analysis; W, width of urban area under analysis; and ρ, building block density. The target average street width in the Islamic urban pattern is 9.96m. A street cover of 0.26 corresponds to a building block with 68.3m length and width in both directions. Based on this geometric configuration, preserving the average node order will result in a simulation area of 410m×410m with six street intersections, as shown in Figure 7. The node order is given by the following function:where n, number of blocks in the x direction; and n, number of blocks in the y direction.
Acoustic absorption characteristics of greenery Wong et al. (2010) conducted experiments in a reverberation chamber to determine the absorption characteristics of Nephrolepis exaltata, from the Lomariopsidaceae family, which is available for planting in hot, humid climates. The arrays of pots were arranged in three different settings that varied in terms of greenery coverage: 43%, 71%, and 100%. The study of Wong et al. revealed that the use of greenery in tropical environments could be beneficial. The results of the three configurations are shown in Figure 8.