Private management during the planning

Private management during the planning process conceptualizes atrium design as a part of the entire architectural framework of a shopping center to actualize legibility (Gardestat, 1989). An atrium is considered a place, and a place is a combination of physical and social environments (Shamai, 1991; Najafi and Mina, 2011). Therefore, atriums as a place do not only have mathematical dimensions that can be measured and standardized, but they also reflect a special pi3k inhibitor formed from their physical environment, interior design, and social environment, which altogether create an experience. Being in an atrium provides experience to the senses and serves as a stimulus for an integrated experience (Sell et al., 1984). The shopping environment can provide a sensation to visitors because the role of the conditioned shopping environment is to enable visitor interaction, create spatial identification in their minds, and add value to shopping activities (Baker, 1986; D׳Astous, 2000; Ahmad, 2012; Kusumowidagdo et al., 2013a, 2013b). The conditioning factors should be well planned to create a relationship between visitors and the shopping center or, in the context of this study, a sense of place. When a sense of place is interpreted as a human experience that occurs in a place, both affectively and cognitively, it can result in a variation of senses between individuals with differing backgrounds and in physical element characteristics that form a space (Najafi and Mina, 2011). The intentionality of the scale variations of the sense of place, as described by Shamai (1991), can be divided into several levels, beginning with not having a sense of place. The rest of the scale variations are belonging to a place, attachment to a place, identifying goals within a place, and sacrificing for a place. These intentionality scales can have different depths that can be attributed to the relation to a different sense of place that is specific to each visitor. In terms of the physical environment that forms the space, the element characteristics that affect the sense of place are the size of the setting, its proportion, scale, distance, diversity, texture, ornament, color, smell, sound, temperature, and visual variety (Steele, 1981). These physical element characteristics provide the definition, concept, and identity of a place. In addition to these elements, other visitor behaviors and various social conditioning tools also affect the sense of place. Both the physical order and the social order of a place shape its legibility, visitor satisfaction, and environmental character, each of which may contribute to the creation of the sense of place of a location (Najafi and Mina, 2011). In the context of a shopping center, the sense of place is the relation between a person and a place as a result of direct sensing. The internationality scale of a space, which was coined by Shamai (1991), has been developed by Kusumowidagdo et al. (2014), and this scale can be defined in various depths at different levels, ranging from the lowest level of being able to identify a shopping center to the desire to shop or spend time there. These levels may be tied to various places in the shopping center and to locations that encourage active participation. Therefore, a well-planned atrium setting aims to create a sense of place in shopping centers. The atrium area also influences the comfort of visitors (Gardestat, 1989). Baker (1986) states that the important physical aspects of atrium design include architectural and functional esthetics. Architectural aesthetics encompass shapes, colors, scale, materials, textures, and other accessories used to define or decorate the space. Layout, signage, and comfort level are functional aspects that should also be considered. In relation to these three aspects, the tangible aspects involve not only interior features but also acoustics, which include ambient factors (Baker, 1986). Ambient factors consist of lighting, scent, cleanliness, air conditioning quality, and good acoustics for the choice of music. Good acoustics can also minimize sound transmission through the air and throughout the shopping center structure (Wee and Tong, 2007). Moreover, music can influence visitors by serving as a mediator for various age groups (Yalch and Spangenberg, 1990; Gulas and Schewe, 1994). Music-related factors are tempo (Milliman, 1986), volume (Smith and Curnow, 1966), and preference (Herrington and Capella, 1996). Lighting consists of artificial and natural lighting, but natural lighting is more commonly observed. Bright, vibrant, and dynamic lights are typically seen in Asian shopping malls (Wee and Tong, 2007). Lighting schemes provide a theatrical element to the place and can help boost sales. The lights can also provide direction for visitors, minimize visual weakness that is a result of the interior structure, and offer comfort for both visitors and salespeople (Turley and Milliman, 2000). Lighting also affects customer behavior (Areni and Kim, 1994). Skylights are preferred in several locations, such as in the atrium or food court. Other ambient factors include scent and aeration. Scent has a direct influence on visitors (Mitchell et al., 1995). Signage provides clarity of direction (Wee and Tong, 2007). All these physical and ambient elements help ensure the comfort level of visitors inside a shopping center.